Carbon

Copper

Zinc

Lithium

Diluted hydrochloric acid

Concentrated ammonium chloride

Concentrated potassium hydroxide

Diluted sulphuric acid

To avoid short between positive and negative plates

To avoid short between plates and body

To avoid buckling effect

To avoid sedimentation effect

Spongy lead (Pb)

Lead peroxide (PbO₂)

Lead sulphate (PbSO₄)

Zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄)

To reduce total voltage

To obtain higher current

To obtain higher voltage

To reduce current