Normalising

Tempering

Hardening

Annealing

eliminating waste

reduce machining time

reduce labour expenses

man power development

It is the ratio of maximum stress to the nominal stress

It is the ratio of nominal stress to the maximum stress

It is the ratio of maximum stress to the endurance limit

It is the ratio of nominal stress to the endurance limit

1, 2, 3, 4

1, 2, 4, 3

1, 4, 2, 3

1, 3, 2, 4

2

3

0.5

5