Radiate the heat properly

Retain the heating element firmly

Place the vessels firmly on heater plate

Protect the heating element from damage

Acts as a balancing weight

Acts as an insulator for element

Protect the kettle base from damage

Keep the element in close contact with container

1.5 V A.C

2.0 V A.C

3.0 V A.C

3.2 V A.C

Worn out brushes

Armature coil open

Defective commutator

Field winding partially short

Defective capacitor

Open starting winding

Short in starting winding

Short in running winding