Friction Stir welding
Electron beam welding
Laser beam welding
Gas tungsten welding
Ultrasonic test
X-ray test
Dye penetrant test
Tension test
heavy industry
structural work
electronics industry
process industry
oxidation
distortion and warping
unequal temperature distribution
dirt
side to side motion of the electrode at right angles to the direction of welding
side to side motion of electrode along the direction of welding
spiral motion given to the electrode during welding
a technique of striking the arc