Radiate the heat properly
Retain the heating element firmly
Place the vessels firmly on heater plate
Protect the heating element from damage
Acts as a balancing weight
Acts as an insulator for element
Protect the kettle base from damage
Keep the element in close contact with container
1.5 V A.C
2.0 V A.C
3.0 V A.C
3.2 V A.C
Worn out brushes
Armature coil open
Defective commutator
Field winding partially short
Defective capacitor
Open starting winding
Short in starting winding
Short in running winding